Dynasties of ChinaQing dynastyQing dynasty lineage
Tianming · Reign 1616—1626
He raised troops with thirteen armors, unified all Jurchen tribes, established the Eight Banners, created the Manchu language, established the Later Jin Dynasty, and laid the foundation of Qing dynasty.
Nurhaci's surname is Aixinjueluo, a Jurchen from Zuowei in Jianzhou. His mother died when he was ten years old, and he was at odds with his stepmother. When he was young, he often went into the mountains to collect ginseng and pine nuts, and went to Fushun Horse Market to trade, so he was familiar with the situation on the Ming Dynasty frontier. In 1583, Ming general Li Chengliang attacked Gule Village. His grandfather Jue Chang'an and father Takshi were accidentally killed by the Ming army. The 25-year-old Nurhaci, with the thirteenth deputy of his father's armor, launched an army to attack Nikan Wailan, who led the Ming army.
In the next thirty years or so, while facing the Ming dynasty, he obeyed and professed the title of vassal, and was successively awarded the title of Governor Qianshi and General Longhu. At the same time, he used both marriage alliances and conquests to annex various tribes in Jianzhou and Haixi Hada, Huifa, Wula and other tribes. He founded the Eight Banners and ordered people to create the Manchu script. In 1616, he was proclaimed Khan in Hetuala. His country was named Jin, and it was called Hou Jin in history. In 1618, he complained against the Ming Dynasty with the "Seven Great Hatreds". The following year, he defeated the Ming army in Saerhu, and then attacked Ye He, and the Jurchen tribes were basically unified.
In 1621, he captured Shenyang and Liaoyang, moved the capital to Liaoyang, and then moved to Shenyang in 1625. After entering Liaodong, he implemented the plan to grant land to farmers, organized a large number of Han people into farms, and severely suppressed the resisters, which provoked the Han people to flee and resist. In the first month of 1626, he attacked Ningyuan, but was repulsed by Yuan Chonghuan with Western artillery. This was a rare major defeat since he started his army. In August of the same year, Nurhaci died of illness in Jiji Castle and was buried in Fuling, Shenyang. The eighth son, Hong Taiji, succeeded to the throne.
Nurhaci raised troops from a corner, unified the Jurchens, founded the Eight Banners, created the Manchu language, and established political power. This laid the organizational and human foundation for Qing Dynasty to take over the Central Plains in the future. He was an outstanding tribal leader and military commander. However, after entering Liaodong, he implemented a high-pressure policy on the Han people by forcibly establishing villages and massacring the rebels, which intensified ethnic conflicts. In his later years, he suffered a setback in Ningyuan, leaving his successors with a regime in urgent need of internal adjustment.
MilitaryThe Thirteenth Lieutenant of the Relic Armor raised troops
When the Ming army attacked Gule Village, his grandfather Jue Chang'an and his father Tucker were accidentally killed. Ming dynasty returned the body and gave him the edict and horses. Nurhaci used his father's armor and the thirteenth officer to raise an army to attack Nikan Wailan, the lord of Tulun who led the Ming army.
PoliticsFeala
He built a city in Feala on the banks of the Suzi River, and began to "regulate the state's affairs". He promulgated laws prohibiting rebellion, theft, fraud, etc., and established the political center to rule Jianzhou Jurchen. In 1603, he moved to Hetuala.
MilitaryBattle of Gule Mountain
About 30,000 troops from nine tribes including Yehe, Hada, Ula, Huifa and Horqin came to attack. Nurhaci set up an ambush and cut off Yehebel's stronghold, defeating the coalition. From then on, Nurhaci became famous among the Jurchen tribes.
CultureCreate Manchu
Ming E Erdeni and Ga Gai borrowed Mongolian letters to spell Jurchen language and created Manchu, which was known as "Uncirculated Manchu" or "Old Manchu" in history. Previously, the Jurchen official documents of the founding of the state were mostly borrowed from Mongolian script, and since then, there has been a script commonly used by this nation.
Lasting legacyManchu was popular throughout the Qing Dynasty, leaving behind a large number of Manchu archives; the Xibo script used by the Xibo people in Xinjiang today was slightly modified from the Manchu script.
PoliticsFounded the Eight Banners
In 1601, a group of three hundred people was established with four flags: yellow, white, red and blue; in 1615, four flags of yellow, white, red and blue were added, forming eight flags. The soldiers and civilians of the Eight Banners were united, producing in peacetime and going out to war in time of war.
Lasting legacyTitles such as "bannerman" and "cheongsam" are derived from the Eight Banners; village names such as Zhengbai Banner and Xianghongqi in the Xiangshan area of Beijing come from the barracks of the Eight Banners at Jianrui Camp in the Qing Dynasty.
MilitaryUnify all Jurchen departments
Using both marriage alliances and conquests, they annexed Hada in 1599, Huifa in 1607, Wula in 1613, and Yehe after the Battle of Sarhu in 1619. The four Haixi Jurchen tribes have now been merged, and all Jurchen tribes are basically unified.
PoliticsEstablishment back money
In the first month of the first month, he ascended the throne of Khan in Hetuala, with the honorary title of "The Wise Khan of All Countries", the founding destiny of the Yuan Dynasty, the country's title of Jin, and the name of Later Jin in history. Dai Shan, Amin, Mang Gurtai, Hong Taiji and the five ministers assisted in the management of state affairs.
Lasting legacyThe ancient city of Hetuala is located in today's Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province. The nearby Qing Yongling Tomb where Nurhaci's ancestors are buried was listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 2004.
PoliticsThe Seven Great Hatreds
In April, he swore to heaven with the "Seven Great Hatreds", listed Ming Dynasty's crimes of killing his father and ancestors, favoring Ye He, etc., and officially launched an army to rebel against the Ming Dynasty. Fushun was captured immediately, Ming guerrilla Li Yongfang surrendered, and then Qinghe Fort was captured.
MilitaryBattle of Salhu
During the Ming Dynasty, Yang Hao divided his troops into four groups to attack Hetuala. Nurhaci concentrated his forces with the policy of "I came only one way," and defeated Du Song, Ma Lin, and Liu Wei within five days. Ming Dynasty switched from offensive to defensive in Liaodong.
EconomyCapture Liaoshen
In March, Shenyang and Liaoyang were conquered one after another. More than 70 cities of various sizes east of the Liao River surrendered one after another, and then the capital was moved to Liaoyang. In July, an order was issued to allocate land in Liaodong according to ding. Later, Manchus and Han people were ordered to live together, which placed a heavy burden on the Han people.
MilitaryCapture Quang Ninh
He led his army across the Liao River to attack Guangning. Wang Huazhen, the governor of eastern Liaoning in the Ming Dynasty, abandoned the city and fled. After conducting a military expedition, Xiong Tingbi then retreated to Shanhaiguan. More than forty cities in western Liaoning were lost. Xiong Tingbi was later convicted and killed.
PoliticsMoved the capital to Shenyang
Regardless of Zhu Beile's objections, he moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, believing that this place was well connected in all directions and would be convenient for attacking Ming Dynasty in the west, Mongolia in the north, and Korea in the south. Immediately, the Dazheng Palace and the Pavilion of Ten Kings were built in the city as a place for political discussions.
Lasting legacyThe Dazheng Hall and the Ten King Pavilions lined up on both sides are now buildings on the East Road of the Forbidden City in Shenyang. The layout of the monarch and his ministers sitting separately to discuss politics is very rare in ancient Chinese palaces.
SocietySuppress the Liao and Eastern Han people
The Eastern Han people in Liao were fleeing, poisoning, and revolting constantly, and Nurhaci implemented a harsh screening policy. According to the "Manchu Old Documents", in 1625, he ordered an inventory of "people without grain" and killed them in large numbers. The remaining people were turned into slaves, and Liaodong society suffered heavy losses.
MilitaryThe defeat of Ningyuan
In the first month of the first month, he led the army to attack Ningyuan. Yuan Chonghuan, the former road of Mingning, held firm with the fortifications and Western red cannons. Later, the Jin army was unable to attack for a long time and retreated with heavy casualties. According to legend, Nurhaci lamented that he had been invincible since he raised his army, but Ningyuan could not defeat the city.
PoliticsDied of illness
In July, he went to Qinghe Hot Spring for recuperation. In August, he died of illness in Kuojibao on the way back to Shenyang by boat at the age of 68. It is said that he died of artillery wounds in the Battle of Ningyuan. Concubine A Bahai was forced to be buried, and Hong Taiji succeeded to the throne.
Lasting legacyNurhaci was buried in Fuling (commonly known as Dongling) in the eastern suburbs of Shenyang. In 2004, it was listed as a World Cultural Heritage as an extension of the "Ming & Qing Royal Mausoleum".
He has the same mother as Nurhaci. He fought with his brother in his early years, and his status was second only to his brother. Ming dynasty also regarded him as one of the leaders of the founding of the state. Later, the conflict between the brothers intensified, and in 1609, he was deprived of his tribe and died in confinement in 1611.
Nurhaci's eldest son, who had repeatedly made military exploits, was once appointed to take charge of state affairs. Because he was at odds with his brothers and five ministers, he was accused of cursing his father and brothers. He was imprisoned in 1613 and executed in 1615.
The second son of Nurhaci, the leader of the four Baylors, commanded the two banners of Zhenghong and Bianhong. After Nurhaci's death, he took the lead in supporting Hong Taiji. Since then, he has maintained a high status through the Taizong and Shizu dynasties.
The Niu Hulu family followed Nurhaci in the early years and went through hundreds of battles. He was one of the five founding ministers and married Nurhaci's daughter. His son Ye Bilong was one of the four auxiliary ministers in the early years of Kangxi.
A native of the Su Wan tribe, he followed his father and led his troops to surrender in 1588. He was one of the five founding ministers and participated in major battles such as the battle to unify the Jurchens and the Saarhu. He was known for his outspokenness.
Proficient in Mongolian and Chinese, he was ordered to create Manchu with Gai Gai, and was also responsible for recording Khan's words, deeds and political affairs. These records later became an important source of "Manchu Old Documents". He was convicted and killed in 1623.
The daughter of Bellemantai of the Ula tribe, she married Nurhaci at the age of twelve and gave birth to three sons, Azige, Duo Ergun and Duoduo. The day after Nurhaci's death, Zhubeile ordered him to be buried on the grounds of his death.