Dynasties of ChinaLiao, Song, Xia, Jin & Yuan · Coexisting states
10 Jin emperors · AD 1115-1234 · Approximately 120 years
The Jurchens rose in the northeast, conquered Liao and defeated Northern Song within little more than a decade, then faced Southern Song across a divided China for over a century.
Dynastic color · Golden ochre
Jin dynasty is a dynasty established by the Jurchen tribe. The Jurchens lived between white mountains and black waters, and were ruled by Liao Dynasty for a long time. In 1114, Agu, the leader of the Wanyan tribe, launched an army to rebel against the Liao Dynasty, and won the battles in Ningjiangzhou and Chuhedian. The following year, he proclaimed himself emperor, named the country Dajin, and established Duning Prefecture (later called Shangjing, today's Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang). The Jin army immediately defeated Emperor Tianzuo's personal expedition at Hubu Dagang, and formed a "sea alliance" with Northern Song to attack Liao dynasty from both sides. In 1125, Emperor Tianzuo was captured and Liao dynasty was destroyed.
In the year when the Liao Dynasty was destroyed, the Jin army divided into east and west routes and went south to attack the Song Dynasty. In 1127, the two emperors Hui and Qin were captured and went north, and the Northern Song was destroyed. After that, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty had a long-term confrontation, and in 1141 they entered into a peace treaty with the Huai River and Dashanguan Pass as the boundary. Prince of Hailing moved his capital to Yanjing and renamed it Zhongdu. In 1161, he launched a large-scale southern invasion and was killed by his subordinates after being frustrated in quarrying. After Shizong came to the throne, he renewed the peace treaty with Southern Song, recuperated and reorganized the official administration, which was known as the "Government of Dading" in history. During the Zhangzong period, the laws and cultural relics were complete, and Jin Dynasty entered its peak.
Mongolia rose to prominence in the early 13th century. In 1211, Cheng Jisihan launched a massive attack on the Jin, and the Jin army was defeated miserably at Yehuling. In 1214, Xuanzong moved the capital to Kaifeng, Nanjing, and Zhongdu was lost the following year. After that, the Jin Dynasty fought with Southern Song and Western Xia, and its national power declined. In 1232, the Mongolian army annihilated the main force of the Jin army in Sanfeng Mountain, and Aizong was forced to flee to Guide and Caizhou. In 1234, the allied forces of Mongolia and Song Dynasty captured Caizhou. Aizong was rumored to have hanged himself after his clan member Wanyan Chenglin. Chenglin also died in the rebellion, and Jin Dynasty was destroyed.
The social organization of the Jurchen army and civilians is as follows: three hundred households are one mouke, and ten mouke are one menengan. They farm and hunt in peacetime, and go to war in time of war. After taking control of the Central Plains, a large number of Meng'an Muke households moved south to farm and lived together with the Han people.
Wanyan Xiyin was ordered to create large Jurchen characters based on Chinese characters and Khitan characters, which were promulgated in 1119; at the same time in Xizong, small Jurchen characters were promulgated. Jurchen texts were used until the Ming Dynasty and are precious materials for studying Jurchen history.
Xizong implemented the "New System of Heaven's Residence" and imitated the Liao and Song Dynasties in establishing three provinces and six ministries. In 1156, the Prince of Hailing abolished the two provinces of Zhongshu and Menxia, and only set up the Shangshu Province to be in charge of administrative affairs, which was the first of its kind to have a one-province system in later generations.
Wang Chongyang preached in Shaanxi and Shandong and founded Quanzhen Taoism, advocating the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, becoming a monk and practicing pure cultivation, and benefiting oneself and benefiting others. His disciple Qiu Chuji and other "Seven Quanzhen disciples" recruited many disciples, and Quanzhen Taoism became the mainstream of Taoism in the north.
Liu Wansu advocated the "fire theory" and founded the Cold and Liang School; Zhang Congzheng advocated the three methods of sweating, vomiting and lowering to attack evil; Li Gao emphasized the spleen and stomach and founded the Earth-tonifying School. Together with Zhu Zhenheng of the Yuan Dynasty, the three were known as the "Four Masters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties", and various medical schools emerged from this.
Dong Jieyuan's "The Romance of the West Chamber Zhugong Diao" is the only complete extant Zhugong Diao work, and the Jinyuan version is the forerunner of Yuan dramas. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haowen recorded the great changes in his family and country with his "Poetry of Mourning and Rebellion", and was revered as a literary hero in the north.
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Aguda, the leader of the Wanyan tribe, swore to fight against the Liao at Lailiushui, conquered Ningjiang Prefecture, and defeated the Liao army at Chuhedian with a small victory and a large victory. All the Jurchen tribes joined one after another, and the anti-Liao momentum became strong.
Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, the country was named Dajin, and the reign was named Suiguo, all in Huining Mansion. According to the "History of the Jin Dynasty", he believed that the Liao Dynasty named Bintie because of its strength, and "Although Bintie is strong, it will eventually deteriorate, but gold does not change," so he named Jin as the country's name.
Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao personally led a so-called 700,000-strong army to march eastward. Aguda responded with 20,000 troops and defeated the Liao army at Dagang. After this battle, the main force of the Liao army was completely lost, and the offensive and defensive momentum of Jin and Liao was completely reversed.
The Northern Song sent envoys across the sea to Jin, and agreed that N & S would attack Liao Dynasty from both sides. After the Liao was destroyed, the Yanjing area returned to the Song, and the Song Dynasty transferred the old coins originally given to the Liao to the Jin. The Song army failed repeatedly in attacking Yan, and finally redeemed Yanjing and other places with millions of dollars a year "in lieu of taxes."
The Jin army successively captured the five capitals of Liao Dynasty, and Emperor Tianzuo fled to Jiashan to the west. In 1125, he was captured by Jin general Wanyan Loushi in Yingzhou, and Liao Dynasty, which had been a country for more than 200 years, perished. Yelü Dashi, the clan member of the Liao Dynasty, led his troops to move westward and later established the Western Liao Dynasty in Central Asia.
In the year when the Liao Dynasty was destroyed, the Jin army attacked the Song Dynasty from east to west and besieged Bianjing twice. After the city was broken, the Jin army captured Huizong, Qinzong, their clan members, concubines, ministers and other thousands of people and went north in 1127. The Northern Song was destroyed and was known as the "Jingkang Incident" in history.
The Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty entered into a peace agreement (called the Shaoxing Peace Agreement in the Song Dynasty): the Song Dynasty declared itself a minister to the Jin Dynasty, bounded by the Huai River in the east and Dashan Pass in the west. It received 250,000 silver and 250,000 silk each year from the gold. The presiding officer of Jinfang is Marshal Wanyan Zongbi.
In order to strengthen his control over the Central Plains, Prince of Hailing built Yanjing and officially moved the capital, renaming it Zhongdu Daxingfu. This was the beginning of Beijing becoming the official capital of the dynasty. After that, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties successively established their capitals here.
The Prince of Hailing invaded the south, and the Song minister Yu Yunwen defeated the Jin army crossing the Yangtze River in Caishi. In the same year, Wanyan Yong stayed in Tokyo and proclaimed himself emperor in Liaoyang. Prince of Hailing moved to Yangzhou and was killed by his subordinates Wanyan Yuanyi and others when he was preparing to cross the river.
After Shizong came to the throne, he negotiated peace with Southern Song. The two countries changed from "monarch and minister" to "uncle and nephew", and the annual currency was reduced. Internally, he despised corvee and paid little tax, rectified the administration of officials, and advocated frugality. The society was stable and the warehouses were abundant. Shizong was known as the "little Yao and Shun".
Cheng Jisihan led the army to attack the Jin Dynasty. The Jin army was said to have 400,000 men. It was defeated by the Mongolian cavalry in the Yehuling area (near present-day Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province), and all its elite troops were lost. After that, the Mongolian army moved south year after year, and many prefectures and counties in Hebei and Shandong were attacked and plundered.
Xuanzong sued for peace with Duke Xian of Mongolia, and then moved the capital to Kaifeng, Nanjing, which is known in history as "Zhenyou moved south". In the middle of the following year, they were all captured by the Mongolian army. Jin Dynasty's control over the north of the Yellow River gradually collapsed, and the country was in a state of decline.
The Mongolian Tuo Lei led his army to go north through the Song Dynasty, and took advantage of the heavy snow to encircle the Jin army in Sanfeng Mountain of Junzhou (now Yuzhou, Henan). The main force led by Wanyan Heda and Yila Pu'a was completely annihilated. The following year Cui Li, the defender of Bianjing, surrendered to Mongolia.
Aizong fled to Germany and then transferred to Caizhou. Mongolia formed an alliance with the Southern Song, and the Song general Meng Gong and the Mongolian army surrounded Caizhou. In the first month of 1234, the city was destroyed. Aizong was rumored to have hanged himself after Wanyan Chenglin, Chenglin died in the rebellion, and Jin Dynasty perished.
The Han name is Wanyan Min, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan tribe. In 1114, he launched an army to rebel against the Liao Dynasty, proclaimed himself the emperor and founded the country the following year. He repeatedly defeated the Liao army with a small victory and a large number, and successively captured the five capitals of Liao Dynasty, laying the foundation for the destruction of the Liao Dynasty. He died of illness on the way back to his army in 1123.
His real name was Nian Meudi, also known as Nian Han, and he was changed to the eldest son by the Prime Minister of the country. He assisted A Gu to raise the army and made great achievements in the war to destroy the Liao Dynasty. He commanded the West Route Army during the attack on the Song Dynasty and joined forces with Zong Wang to defeat Bianjing. Xizong was deprived of military power and died in depression.
His real name was the God of Grain. During Taizu's reign, he was ordered to create Jurchen characters based on Chinese characters and Khitan characters, which was promulgated in 1119. Xizong court official to Shangshu Zuo Prime Minister, participated in the implementation of the Sinicization of the official system. In 1140, he was slandered and sentenced to death.
His real name is Wochu, commonly known as Wushu, and he is the fourth son of Taizu. Zeng crossed the river to pursue Song Gaozong, but was trapped by Han Shizhong in Huangtiandang; later he was defeated by Liu Qi and Yue Fei in Shunchang, Yancheng and other places. Presided over the imperial peace talks, and served as the marshal and grand master of the capital.
Zong Qian's second son killed Xizong and became independent. He moved the capital to Zhongdu and implemented centralization reforms. He was a talented and cruel person. It is said that he once wrote a poem, "I raised a million soldiers on the West Lake and rode to the top of Mount Wu." In 1161, his southern invasion was thwarted and he was killed by his generals.
Taizu's grandson, Prince of Hailing, was supported in Liaoyang during the southern invasion. In the twenty-nine years of his reign, he negotiated peace with Southern Song, rested and recuperated, and at the same time promoted Jurchen language, riding and archery, and simple old customs. It was known in history as the "Government of Dading" and was known as the "Little Yao and Shun".
His original name was Zhongfu, a native of Xianyang, Shaanxi. He studied literature and martial arts in his early years, and later abandoned his family to practice Taoism. In 1167, he went east to Shandong to preach and recruited seven major disciples, including Qiu Chuji and Ma Yu.
The courtesy name is Shouzhen, a native of Hejian, known as Liu Hejian in the world. He carefully studied the "Huangdi Neijing" and put forward the fiery theory that "all six qi are transformed from cremation". He made good use of cold and cool medicines in treating diseases, founded the Hejian School, and wrote "Su Wen Xuan Ji Original Disease Patterns", etc., and was the first of the four great masters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
He was born in the Zhangzong period of Jin Dynasty. "Jie Yuan" was the honorific title given to scholars at that time. His real name is no longer known. His work "The Romance of the West Chamber" changed the Tang legend "The Legend of Yingying" to a reunion ending, laying the foundation for Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber" in the Yuan Dynasty.
His courtesy name was Zihe, his nickname was Dairen, and he was a native of Kaocheng, Suizhou (now Lankao, Henan). Private Shu Liu Wansu believed that diseases are caused by evil, and "the removal of evil will lead to good health." He was good at using the three methods of sweating, vomiting, and lowering to attack evil, and was called the Gongxia sect. He is the author of "Confucian Affairs".
The courtesy name was Yuzhi, and his nickname was Yishan. He was from Xiurong (now Xinzhou, Shanxi). He personally experienced the death of the Jin Dynasty, recorded the suffering of the era with "Poems of Mourning and Luan", and compiled "Zhongzhou Collection" to preserve the poetry of the Jin Dynasty. The sentence "Asking the world, what is love" in "Moyuer" has been passed down through the ages.
His name is Yi and his courtesy name is Liangzuo. Commanding the Zhongxiao Army, he used 400 cavalry to defeat 8,000 Mongolians in the Battle of Dachangwon in 1229, which was a rare victory for the Jin army against the Mongols. After Sanfengshan was defeated, he was captured and died unyieldingly.