Dynasties of ChinaThree KingdomsShuhan
Jianxing and others · Reign 223—263
The Last Ruler of the Shu Han Dynasty, who reigned for forty-one years, relied heavily on Zhuge Liang in the early stage. In the later stage, the eunuchs took power. When the Wei army approached Chengdu, they surrendered from the city.
Liu Shan's nickname is Adou, the son of Liu Bei and his biological mother, Mrs. Gan. He was rescued by Zhao Yun during the defeat of Changban when he was young. He was established as the Crown Prince of Hanzhong in 219 and the Crown Prince of the Emperor in 221. After Liu Bei died of illness in 223, he ascended the throne in Chengdu at the age of seventeen. In the early stage, he entrusted all political affairs, no matter how big or small, to the Prime Minister Zhuge Liang. According to "Wei Lue", he claimed that "politics was handled by the Ge family, and sacrifices were made by the few". During Zhuge Liang's pacification of Nanzhong and the Five Northern Expeditions, he settled in Chengdu and basically did not interfere in Zhuge Liang's decision-making.
After Zhuge Liang died of illness in 234, Liu Shan took charge of the government successively with Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, recuperating and recuperating, and the country was still said to be stable. Jiang Wan and Dong Yun died in 246, and Fei Yi was assassinated in 253. The eunuch Huang Hao gradually took power, and General Jiang Wei's successive northern expeditions depleted the country's power. In 263, the Wei army attacked Shu in three directions, and Deng Ai sneaked across Yinping and approached Chengdu. Liu Shan accepted Qiao Zhou's proposal and left the city to surrender, and the Shu Han Dynasty was destroyed. The following year, his family moved to Luoyang, where he was granted the title of Duke Anle and died in 271.
Liu Shan reigned for forty-one years, making him the longest-reigning emperor in the Three Kingdoms. He was able to appoint Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and other virtuous ministers, and there was little suspicion between the emperor and his ministers, which allowed the weak Shu Han to maintain for decades; Chen Shou commented that "appointing a virtuous prime minister will be a logical king, and a confused eunuch will be a dark queen." In the later period, he favored Huang Hao and watched the country's power be exhausted in successive battles. When the Wei army was pressed, it surrendered without a fight. The folk saying of "Adou who cannot be helped" was mostly influenced by "The Romance of Three Kingdoms", and historians' evaluation of him is more complicated.
PoliticsAscended to Chengdu
In May, he ascended the throne in Chengdu, changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianxing, granted Zhuge Liang the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, and allowed him to open a government office and manage affairs. Soon after, he was also ordered to be the pastor of Yizhou.
DiplomacyDeng Zhi sent Wu
Zhuge Liang sent Shangshu Deng Zhi to Dongwu to explain the interdependence between Wu and Shu. Sun Quan then severed ties with Wei and restored the alliance. From then on until the death of Shu, Wu and Shu did not fight again.
EconomySichuan brocade export
The Shu Han Dynasty established brocade officials to manage brocade production, and Shu brocade was sold in large quantities to Wei and Wu, becoming an important financial source for the country. Zhuge Liang once said: "Today, the people are poor and the country is weak, and the only way to defeat the enemy is to rely on Jin Er."
Lasting legacyChengdu's nickname "Jincheng" comes from the Jinguan who manages the brocade weaving; the Shu brocade weaving technique is now a national intangible cultural heritage.
Militarypacify Nanzhong
Zhuge Liang led his army to march south, put down the rebellion of Yong Kai, Gao Ding and others in Nanzhong, changed Yizhou County to Jianning County, appointed local tycoons as officials, and recruited cattle, war horses, gold and silver as military resources. "Seven Captures of Meng Huo" is found in "Han Jin Spring and Autumn Period".
CultureOn "The Master's Guide"
Zhuge Liang led all the troops to station in Hanzhong. Before leaving, he wrote a "departure list", advising Liu Shan to "be close to the virtuous ministers and stay away from the villains", open a holy court, and strictly enforce rewards and punishments. He also recommended Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, Xiang Chong and others to assist the government.
Lasting legacy"Shishi Biao" is now included in junior high school Chinese textbooks and is one of the most widely circulated ancient memorials.
MilitaryThe defeat of the street pavilion
Zhuge Liang made his first northern expedition out of Qishan, and the three counties of Longyou responded. The pioneer Ma Su violated Jiedu and abandoned the water to the mountain. He was defeated by Zhang He in Jieting. Zhuge Liang was forced to withdraw his troops. He killed Ma Su to correct the military law and demoted himself to the third rank.
MilitaryRepeated Northern Expedition
After that, Zhuge Liang went out of Sanguan to besiege Chencang, and sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping counties. In 231, he went out to Qishan again, using wooden oxen to transport grain, and defeated Sima Yi in Lucheng. Wei general Zhang He died in the pursuit, but the Shu army finally retreated due to the failure of grain transportation.
PoliticsDepose Li Yan
Entrusting the heir minister Li Yan was responsible for supervising the transportation of grain and grass. Because the food transportation could not continue due to continuous rain, he sent a message to summon Zhuge Liang to retreat. Afterwards, he pretended to be surprised and shirks his responsibility. Zhuge Liang impeached Li Yan, and Li Yan was deposed as a commoner and exiled to Zitong County.
PeopleZhuge Liang died of illness
Zhuge Liang used stray horses to transport grain and went out of Xiegu to station troops in Wuzhangyuan. He divided his troops to station in fields for a long time. He and Sima Yi held a stalemate for more than a hundred days. He died of illness in the army in August at the age of fifty-four. He was ordered to be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, because the mountain was a tomb and the tomb was large enough to hold a coffin.
Lasting legacyThe Tomb of Marquis Wu at the foot of Dingjun Mountain in Mian County, Shaanxi Province today is his burial place. Together with the Wuhou Temple in Mian County, they are important relics of the Three Kingdoms culture.
PoliticsDeath of Wei Yan
After Zhuge Liang's death, Wei Yan and Chang Shi Yang Yi fought for power, and each side accused the other of treason. Liu Shan asked Dong Yun and Jiang Wan, both of whom vouched for Yang Yi but suspected Wei Yan. Wei Yan was defeated and was chased and killed by Ma Dai, and the Yi tribe was defeated.
PoliticsJiang Wan is in power
Jiang Wan was appointed as Shangshu Ling, and later as General, Grand Sima, and Prime Minister of state affairs. Inheriting Zhuge Liang's legacy, he protected the territory and settled the people. He once planned to go eastward from the Han River to attack Wei Shangyong, but he gave up due to illness and public opinion.
MilitaryThe battle of rising momentum
Wei's general Cao Shuang led more than 100,000 people to invade from Luo Valley. Zhenbei's general Wang Ping stood firm at Xingshi Mountain. Fei Yi arrived with reinforcements. The Wei army had difficulty transporting food and retreated in embarrassment.
PoliticsFei Yi is in charge
Jiang Wan and Dong Yun died one after another, and Fei Yi presided over the affairs of state as the general's official record, treated others generously, and restricted Jiang Wei's troops in the Northern Expedition. At the Zhengdan Conference in 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by Guo Xun, a descendant of Wei.
MilitaryJiang Wei Northern Expedition
Jiang Wei made many expeditions to the northwest of Longxi. In 255, he defeated Wang Jing, the governor of Wei Yongzhou, in Taoxi. However, he was defeated by Deng Ai in Duangu the following year. Dissatisfaction in Shu gradually arose and the country's national strength became increasingly exhausted.
PoliticsHuang Hao wields power
After Dong Yun's death, the eunuch Huang Hao gradually became favored and began to control the government in 258. He colluded with the right general Yan Yu and plotted to replace Jiang Wei with Yan Yu. Jiang Wei did not dare to return to Chengdu and had to settle in Dazhong to avoid disaster.
MilitaryLeaving Kaicheng
Deng Ai sneaked into Yinping, killed Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan in Mianzhu, and advanced to Chengdu. Liu Shan adopted the advice of Guanglu doctor Qiao Zhou, surrendered himself, and ordered Jiang Wei and others to lay down their weapons. Liu Chen, the king of Northland, cried and committed suicide behind Zhaolie Temple.
PeopleHappy to miss Shu
The family moved to Luoyang and was granted the title of Duke Anle. According to "Han-Jin Spring and Autumn Period", Sima Zhao held a banquet and performed Shu songs and dances for him. Others felt sad, but he laughed and laughed contentedly. When asked if he missed Shu, he replied: "I am happy here, but I don't miss Shu."
Lasting legacy"You are too happy to miss Shu" is still a commonly used idiom to describe people who are happy but forget to return or forget their origins.
PoliticsDied in Luoyang
Died in Luoyang, posthumously named Sigong. More than thirty years later, Liu Yuan, the Xiongnu, raised an army in 304 and proclaimed himself King of Han. He regarded himself as the successor of the Han Dynasty and honored Liu Shan as Emperor Xiaohuai.
He was entrusted by the heir to assist in government, opened a government to manage affairs, pacified Nanzhong, made five Northern Expeditions, and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. In governing the country, "science and education must be strict, and rewards and punishments must be trusted." Chen Shou called him "a talented person who knows how to govern, and he is as good as Guan and Xiao."
A native of Lingling Xiangxiang, Zhuge Liang secretly recommended him as his successor during his lifetime. After Zhuge Liang's death, people were worried, but he looked as usual, behaved calmly, and gradually became convinced by the public. He has been in power for more than ten years.
A native of Jiangxia County, he was sent to Soochow many times as an envoy and was highly regarded by Sun Quan for his astute responses. Jiang Wan was the last ruler of the government. He was agile in doing things, advocated protecting the country and governing the people, and restricted Jiang Wei's use of troops. He was assassinated at a banquet in 253.
A native of Zhijiang, Nanjun, Zhuge Liang recommended him as an attendant in "Chu Shi Biao". He was an upright person, and when Liu Shan wanted to select more maids, he resolutely stopped him. The eunuch Huang Hao did not dare to monopolize power during his lifetime.
A native of Ji County, Tianshui, he returned to Shu in 228 and was highly regarded by Zhuge Liang. Inheriting the ambition of the Northern Expedition, he repeatedly went to Longyou. When Shu fell, he guarded Jiange. After being ordered to surrender, he returned as a puppet vassal and attempted to restore the country, but was defeated and killed.
Liu Shan's favorite eunuch, Dong Yun, did not dare to do anything wrong when he was still alive, but he gradually gained power from then on. When the Wei army came to attack, he believed the sorcerer's words and suppressed Jiang Wei's report asking for help. After the fall of Shu, he bribed Deng Ai with heavy bribes to avoid death.
A native of Xichong, Brazil, he was a great scholar in Shu. He wrote "On Chou Guo Lun" to criticize the successive Northern Expeditions, and also wrote "Ancient History". When Shu fell, he urged Liu Shan to surrender, and the historian Chen Shou immediately left his sect.