Dynasties of ChinaYuan dynastyYuan dynasty lineage
1251—1259
Tuo Lei was the first Great Khan, who sent Xu Liewu to the west and Kublai Khan to the south. He died under Diaoyu City during his own expedition to Sichuan.
Möngke Khan is the eldest son of Luhetieni, his mother is Suo Luhetieni. In his early years, he participated in the eldest son's Western Expedition with Ba Dou and was famous for his courage and skill in fighting. After the death of Güyük Khan, with the support of Ba Dou and others, he was elected as the Great Khan in 1251, and the position of Khan was transferred from the Ögedei Khan line to the Tuo Lei line. He immediately severely purged the Ögedei Khan clan and Chagatai clan kings and ministers who opposed him, consolidating the power of the Khan.
Möngke Khan was diligent in political affairs and practiced frugality. He ordered Kublai Khan to command the Han Dynasty in Monan and conquer Dali. He ordered Xu Liewu to march westward to destroy the Mulai and Abbasid dynasties. In 1258, he divided his troops into three groups to attack the Song Dynasty, and personally led the main force into Sichuan. The following year, he failed to attack the Diaoyu City in Hezhou for a long time, and died in the army in July. His death caused the Mongol armies to withdraw northward, and also triggered a struggle for the throne between Kublai Khan and A Libuge.
MilitaryParticipate in the eldest son’s expedition to the West
Following Badou's Western Expedition, he hunted down and captured the Kipchak leader Ba Chiman in the lower reaches of the Volga River. He also participated in the attack on Rus' cities and accumulated military prestige.
PoliticsThat is sweat position
Under the auspices and support of Ba Dou, he became the Great Khan at the Khuliltai Conference. Ögedei Khan's clan king Shiliemen and others plotted to cause trouble in the name of He Xi, but the incident was revealed and he was captured. Möngke Khan subsequently purged his opponents on a large scale.
PoliticsOrder Kublai Khan to lead Monan
He appointed Kublai Khan, his brother-in-law, to take charge of the military and civilian affairs of the Han Dynasty in Monan. Kublai Khan opened a palace in Jinlianchuan, recruited Han Confucian scholars, and rectified the official administration and farming in Xingzhou, Henan and other places.
MilitaryXu Liewu's Western Expedition
He ordered his younger brother Xu Liewu to lead an army to the west. In 1256, he defeated the Mulai (Assassin faction) entrenched in the Iranian mountains. In 1258, he captured Baghdad and the Abbasid Dynasty perished. Xu Liewu later established the Ilkhanate in West Asia.
MilitaryConquer Dali
Kublai Khan was ordered to lead an expedition and crossed the Jinsha River to capture Dali City. King Duan Xingzhi of Dali was later captured. Mongolia thus completed its strategic encirclement of Southern Song.
DiplomacyMeet Rubruk
The Franciscan monk Lubruk sent by King Louis IX of France arrived in Mongolia, and Möngke Khan received him at the Khan's court. After Lubuluk returned to China, he wrote a travel diary, detailing his experiences in the Mongolian court and Helin City.
PoliticsAlan's hook test
Möngke Khan suspected that Kublai Khan was winning people's hearts in the Han area, so he sent Alandar to Goukao Qiangu in Shaanxi and Henan to accuse Kublai Khan of being an official. Kublai Khan and his family went to Möngke Khan to express their loyalty, and the brothers were reconciled.
MilitaryThree-way attack on Song Dynasty
The troops were divided into three groups to attack the Song Dynasty: Möngke Khan personally led the main force into Sichuan, Kublai Khan attacked Ezhou, and Wu Liang joined Taiyun N & S in an attempt to join forces in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The Mongolian army marched down to the cities in central Sichuan.
MilitaryDied in Diaoyu City
Beginning in February, he besieged Diaoyu City in Hezhou, but could not defeat it for a long time. He died in the army in July. One said he was injured by artillery stones on the city, and another said he died of illness. The Mongolian armies immediately withdrew northward.
The daughter of the younger brother of Wang Han of the Kelie tribe, she believed in Nestorianism. After Tuolei's death, she raised four sons, Möngke Khan, Kublai Khan, Xu Liewu, and A Libuge. She was good at making friends with the clan kings and made great contributions to Möngke Khan's victory in winning the throne.
The son of Tolei, under the orders of Möngke Khan, went west to conquer the Mulai and Abbasid dynasties. After that, he stayed in Western Asia and established the Ilkhanate in today's Iran.
Southern Song, the defender of Hezhou, led the army and civilians to defend Diaoyu City for more than five months in 1259, defeating the army led by Möngke Khan. Möngke Khan died under the city.
Möngke Khan stayed behind in Helin during his southern expedition. After his death, Möngke Khan was proclaimed the Great Khan in Mobei. He competed with Kublai Khan for four years. He was defeated and surrendered in 1264, and died two years later.