Dynasties of ChinaSouthern SongSouthern Song lineage
Duanping · Chunyou · Reign 1224—1264
The distant branch of the clan supported by powerful ministers respected Neo-Confucianism and united with Mongolia to destroy Jin Dynasty. However, they ignored the war between Song and Mongolia, neglected government in their later years, and the country's power declined.
Zhao Yun, formerly known as Zhao Yuju, was the tenth grandson of Taizu in the Song Dynasty. He was born in Shanyin, Shaoxing Prefecture in 1205. His father died young, and he lived with his mother-in-law when he was young. His family was poor. Because the prince Zhao Hong was dissatisfied with him, Prime Minister Miyuan secretly searched for a descendant of the clan. After selecting Zhao and Ju to adopt him as King Yi, he changed his name to Guicheng. Ningzong died of illness in 1224, and Shi Miyuan issued an imperial edict to support him on the throne and changed his name to Zhao Yun.
After Lizong ascended the throne for nearly ten years, Shi Miyuan took full power and remained silent. When Shi Miyuan died in 1233, Lizong took charge of the government. He appointed famous Confucian scholars such as Zhen Dexiu and Wei Liaoweng to implement the "Duanping Genghua" and united with Mongolia to attack Jin Dynasty. However, the disastrous defeat of Duanping into Luo that was launched immediately triggered the Song-Mongolian War that lasted for more than 40 years. Generals such as Meng Gong and Yu Jie established defense systems in Jinghu and Sichuan. In 1259, Möngke Khan died under Diaoyu City, and Southern Song was able to breathe.
Lizong respected Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and made it official orthodoxy. It is generally believed that the temple name "Lizong" came from this. He reigned for forty years and was the longest-reigning emperor in Southern Song. In his later years, he indulged in pleasure and favored Concubine Yan Guifei, Ding Daquan and the eunuch Dong Songchen, and later handed over the government to Jia Shidao. Huizi was devalued, public land laws disturbed the people, and the country's power declined. He died of illness in 1264 and was succeeded by his nephew Zhao Qi.
Lizong reigned for forty years. He was under the control of Shi Miyuan in the early stage. After he took office, he promoted the rule of law and respected Neo-Confucianism. The alliance with Mongolia and the destruction of Jin was also a shame for Jingkang. During this period, there were still considerable achievements in forensic science and mathematics. However, he lacked foresight and entered Luo Qingqing to start a war. After that, the wars between Song and Mongolia continued. In his later years, he indulged in pleasure, favored sycophants, and handed over the government to Jia Shidao. The finance and official administration deteriorated from bad to worse, and the demise of Southern Song was already formed in his hands.
PoliticsJiao Zhao ascended the throne
On the night of Ningzong's death in leap August, Shi Miyuan sent someone to summon Zhao Yun into the palace, forcing Yanghuangzhou to agree and read out the imperial edict to make him emperor. When the prince Zhao Hong arrived at the scene, he learned that the throne had been confirmed and was forced to bow down. Later, he granted the title of King Ji and left Huzhou.
PoliticsDeath of King Ji
In the first month of the first month, Pan Ren, a native of Huzhou, and others supported Zhao Hong, the king of Ji, to start a rebellion, but it failed immediately. Shi Miyuan then sent people to force Zhao Hong to hang himself. Zhen Dexiu, Wei Liaoweng and others complained about his injustice, but they were all reprimanded.
Diplomacy"Zhufan Zhi" written by Zhao Rushi
Zhao Rushi, who promoted Fujian Lushibo, wrote "Zhufan Zhi" when he was in Quanzhou. Based on Fan Shang's oral accounts, he recorded the customs and products of more than 50 countries and regions from East and Southeast Asia to West Asia and East Africa.
PoliticsDuanping changes
In October, Miyuan died, and Lizong took charge. The following year, he changed the Yuan Dynasty to Duanping, appointed famous Neo-Confucian officials such as Zhen Dexiu and Wei Liaoweng, deposed Shi Dang, and rectified the official administration. People at the time praised him as "Xiao Yuanyou".
MilitaryLianmeng destroys money
Meng Gong was sent to lead an army with food and encircle Caizhou with the Mongolian army. In the first month of 1234, the city was destroyed and Jin was destroyed. The Song army brought Jin Aizong's remains back to Lin'an and offered sacrifices to the Ancestral Temple to avenge Jingkang's shame.
MilitaryDuan Ping enters Luo
Lizong adopted the advice of Zhao Fan and Zhao Kui and sent troops to regain the three capitals. The Song army entered Bianjing and Luoyang successively, but the food transportation failed and they were ambushed by the Mongolian army and returned in defeat. Mongolia used Song's betrayal of the alliance as an excuse to invade the south on a large scale the following year.
MilitaryThe Song-Mongolia War broke out
The Mongolian army divided its forces to attack the Song Dynasty, and Kuoduan invaded Sichuan. In 1236, they conquered Chengdu and massacred and plundered them. On the Jinghu side, Xiangyang fell due to the civil strife of the Song army, and the Southern Song defense line was once in a state of emergency.
PeopleMeng Gong regains Xiangfan
The Jinghu system enabled Meng Gong to defeat the Mongolian army in succession, regain Xinyang, Fancheng and Xiangyang, rebuild the defense line in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and train troops in the areas along the river. He stabilized the situation in Jinghu for many years.
CultureNeo-Confucianism is regarded as orthodox
In the first month of the first month, an edict was issued to worship Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi in the Confucius Temple, and Wang Anshi was expelled from the Confucius Temple. Previously, Lizong had posthumously awarded Zhu Xi the title of Grand Master and Duke of Xinguo, thus Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism gained official orthodox status.
MilitaryYu Jie built a fishing city
Sichuan Zhizhi envoy Yu Jie adopted the suggestions of brothers Ran Jing and Ran Pu, built more Hezhou Diaoyu City and moved the Hezhou administrative seat into the city. He also built more than ten cities on the mountains in central Sichuan, forming a defense system with mountain cities as strongholds.
Lasting legacyThe ruins of Diaoyu City are located in today's Hechuan District, Chongqing City. The city walls, city gates and other relics are well preserved, and it is a national key cultural relic protection unit.
Science & technology"A Collection of Cleansing Wrongs"
Song Ci of Tidian Prison summarized the previous examination experience and personal practice and wrote "The Collection of Clearing Wrongs", which systematically discussed autopsy, injury identification and on-site investigation. It was regarded by later generations as an essential book for officials to resolve cases.
Lasting legacy"The Collection of Cleansing Wrongs" is the earliest existing systematic forensic medicine work in the world. It has been translated into English, French, Dutch, German and other languages in modern times.
Science & technology"Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers"
Qin Jiushao wrote "Nine Chapters of the Book of Mathematics" and proposed the "Dayan Qiyi Technique" for solving linear congruence equations and the "Positive and Negative Square Root Technique" for numerical solutions to higher-order equations, which represented the highest level of mathematics in the Song Dynasty.
Lasting legacyDayan Qiuyi Shu gave a general solution to the "Chinese Remainder Theorem". This theorem is a basic content in number theory textbooks today.
MilitaryMongolia destroys Dali
Mongolia adopted a roundabout and outflanking strategy, and Kublai Khan led an expedition to Yunnan to attack and destroy the Dali Kingdom. After that, Wulianghetai entered from Yun N & S, and Southern Song fell into a situation where it was surrounded by enemies from the north, west and south.
PeopleWen Tianxiang won the first prize
Wen Tianxiang, who was still young and weak, took part in the palace examination. With the topic of "The Dharma Heaven Endless", Lizong personally promoted him to the first place. Among the Jinshi on the same list were Lu Xiufu and Xie Fangde, who would become famous anti-Yuan officials in the future.
PoliticsYan Mingdang
Ding Daquan served as the right prime minister, and he and the eunuch Dong Songchen and others relied on Concubine Yan to gain power. Someone wrote on the imperial court door, "When Yan Martin comes, the country will perish", mocking Yan Guifei, Ma Tianji, Ding Daquan, and Dong Songchen.
MilitaryBattle of Fishing City
Möngke Khan personally led an army to besiege Diaoyu City. The defenders Wang Jian and Zhang Jue held on for more than five months, but the Mongolian army repeatedly failed to attack. In July, Möngke Khan died in the army. One said he was injured by artillery rocks, another said he died of illness. The Mongolian armies withdrew northward.
PoliticsEzhou Private Harmony
Kublai Khan led his army to besiege Ezhou. Jia Shidao was ordered to supervise the army and secretly sent envoys to seek peace. Kublai Khan withdrew north due to competition for the throne, but Jia Shidao lied about the victory and returned to the court the next year to become prime minister.
DiplomacyDetain Hao Jing
After Kublai Khan came to the throne, he sent Hao Jing as a national envoy to the Song Dynasty to discuss peace. Jia Shidao was afraid that the private peace would be exposed, so he detained Hao Jing in Zhenzhou for sixteen years, which became one of the excuses for Yuan Dynasty to attack the Song Dynasty in the future.
Science & technologyA diagram recording the origin of the prescription method
Mathematician Yang Hui wrote "Detailed Explanation of the Nine-Chapter Algorithm", which records Northern Song Jia Xian's "Original Diagram of the Square Root Method", which is a triangular number table arranged with binomial expansion coefficients, and indicates its source.
Lasting legacyThis number table is called "Yang Hui's Triangle" in Chinese mathematics textbooks, which is about 400 years earlier than the European "Pascal's Triangle".
EconomyImplement public land laws
In order to raise military rations and collect devalued huizi, Jia Shidao forcibly bought over-limited land from official households and wealthy households in Jiangnan at low prices to use it as official land and collect rent to support the army. During the execution, there was forced buying and selling, and public dissatisfaction boiled over.
PoliticsDied of illness
He died of illness in October at the age of sixty and was buried in Yongmu Mausoleum. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the mausoleum was robbed by a foreign monk, Yang Lianzhenjia, and the skull was cut into a drinking vessel. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent people to retrieve and bury it.
Lasting legacyThe tombs of the Southern Song emperors are collectively known as the Liuling Tombs of the Song Dynasty. The site is located in Fusheng Town, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. In recent years, archaeological excavations have gradually clarified the layout of the tombs.
Zhu Xi passed it on to his disciples and wrote "Extensions of the Great Learning" to explain the emperor's way of self-cultivation and governance. He was summoned to the court when Duanping was reformed, and he became an official to participate in political affairs. He and Wei Liaoweng were the leaders of Neo-Confucianism at that time.
He participated in the attack on Jin Dynasty in 1234 and guarded Jinghu for a long time thereafter. He regained Xiangfan in 1239 and repeatedly defeated the Mongolian army. He was the number one general who fought against the Mongols in the late Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1242, he served as the envoy of the Sichuan pacification system. He built cities on the mountains in central Sichuan, trained troops in the fields, and established a mountain city defense system, which turned the situation in Sichuan from danger to peace. He was later recalled due to suspicion and died suddenly in 1253.
The governor of Hezhou and the defender of Diaoyu City led the army and civilians to defend Diaoyu City in 1259. Möngke Khan died under the city. After the war, he was excluded and transferred by Jia Shidao and died in depression.
A native of Jianyang, Fujian, he served many times as a prisoner. He emphasized that "prison affairs should not be more important than great reform, and great reform should not be more important than original feelings." He went to the scene to test it personally, and wrote "The Collection of Abandoned Wrongs" in his later years.
A native of Anyue, Puzhou, he was a former local official. He wrote 18 volumes of "Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers" and proposed algorithms such as Dayan's method of finding one and positive and negative square roots. He occupies an important position in the history of world mathematics.
He entered the official career as the brother of Concubine Lizong Jia. In the Battle of Ezhou in 1259, he secretly sued for peace but lied about the victory. He became the prime minister the following year. After that, he took power for more than ten years and implemented the public land law. The power of the Southern Song Dynasty collapsed.