Dynasties of ChinaQing dynastyQing dynasty lineage
Kangxi · Reign 1661—1722
He ascended the throne at the age of eight and reigned for sixty-one years. He pacified the three vassals, unified Taiwan, fought against Tsarist Russia, and personally conquered Ga Erdan, creating a prosperous era of Kangxi and Qianlong.
Xuanye is the third son of Emperor Shunzhi and his biological mother is Tong Jia. He suffered from smallpox in his childhood, which is said to be one of the reasons why Emperor Shunzhi chose him to succeed him. He ascended the throne at the age of eight in 1661. He was assisted by four ministers, Sony, Suksaha, Ebilong and Ao Bai, and was supported by his grandmother Xiaozhuangtaihuangtaihou. Ao Bai was domineering during the period of auxiliary administration. In 1669, 16-year-old Xuan Ye designed to capture him and truly took control of the political power.
After taking office, he made San Francisco, river affairs, and water transportation his top priorities. In 1673, he ordered the withdrawal of the vassal, and it took eight years to quell the rebellion of Wu Sangui and other three vassals; in 1683, Shi Lang was sent to attack Taiwan, and the Taiwan Prefecture was established the following year. He besieged Yaksa twice, signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia, personally conquered Ga Erdan three times, and sent troops to Tibet to expel the Junggar forces. Internally, we attached great importance to the management of the Yellow River and canals, and made six southern tours, declaring that "we will never increase taxes to breed more people", and the social economy was restored and developed.
Xuan Ye was diligent in his studies. He not only admired Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, but also learned astronomy, mathematics and medicine from missionaries. He organized the compilation of "Kangxi Dictionary" and "Complete Tang Poems", and presided over the actual survey of "Comprehensive Map of the Imperial Palace". In his later years, the battle for the throne became fierce. He deposed Crown Prince Yin Reng twice, and the princes formed cliques to fight. The administration of officials became increasingly lax, and the treasury suffered a serious deficit. In the winter of 1722, he died of illness in Changchun Garden. He was succeeded by the fourth son of the emperor, Yinzhen, and was buried in Jingling.
Xuanye is the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history. He pacified the Three Feudatories, unified Taiwan, fought against Tsarist Russia, and contained Junggar, and established the basic pattern of Qing Dynasty's multi-ethnic unified country; he made light of corvee and low taxes, regulated rivers and canals, and revived the social economy from the wars during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. He was enthusiastic about studying Western learning, but did not promote it in society. In his later years, official governance was lax and competition for positions was fierce. The Nanshan Collection Case also opened the forerunner of the Literary Prison in the future, leaving many disadvantages for his successors.
PoliticsSmart Capture Ao Bai
Ao Bai formed a party to monopolize power, and was good at killing the auxiliary minister Suk Saha. Two years after taking office, the 16-year-old Xuan Ye selected young guards to practice Buku wrestling and captured Ao Bai when he entered the palace. He was declared guilty of thirty crimes and imprisoned for life.
Science & technologyPrison rehabilitation and observatory
Yang Guangxian once used the calendar dispute to frame Tang Ruowang. Xuanye ordered both parties to measure the sun's shadow, and the calculations of the Belgian missionary Nan Huairen were all fulfilled, so Western methods were reused. In 1673, Nan Huairen built six new copper astronomical instruments for the observatory.
Lasting legacyThe ancient observatory at Jianguomen in Beijing still displays Qing Dynasty astronomical instruments such as the equatorial theodolite and the ecliptic theodolite, which were cast by Nan Huairen.
MilitaryPut down the rebellion of three feudal lords
Xuan Ye ordered the withdrawal of the vassal, and Pingxi King Wu Sangui raised troops in Yunnan. Geng Jingzhong, Shang Zhixin and others responded one after another. The rebels once occupied most of the south. Xuanye insisted on using troops and relied heavily on the Han Green Camp generals. It took eight years to conquer Kunming and put down the rebellion of the Three Feudatories.
EconomyJin Fu Zhihe
Jin Fu was appointed as the governor of the river. With the assistance of his staff Chen Huang, he dredged the river, blocked the breaches, and built dykes to restore the Yellow River and Huaihe River to their original courses. The Zhonghe River was also dug to allow the canal boats to avoid the dangerous section of the Yellow River that is 180 miles away.
Lasting legacyThe middle river later became part of the middle section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which was listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 2014.
SocietySet Mulan Paddock
The Royal Hunting Garden Mulan Paddock was established in the Mongolian grassland north of Rehe. From then on, he led Eight Banners officers and soldiers to hunt here almost every autumn to train the army, meet with the princes of various Mongolian tribes, and consolidate the northern border.
Lasting legacyToday's Weichang Manchu and Mongolian Autonomous County in Hebei Province is named after Mulan Paddock, and the Bashang area where Saihanba Forestry is located was also within the scope of the paddock.
MilitaryUnify Taiwan
In June, Lang led the navy to defeat the main force of the Zheng army in the Penghu naval battle, and the Zheng regime in Taiwan lost its barrier. In August, Zheng Keshuang led his troops to surrender, Shi Lang entered Taiwan, and the Zheng family's more than 20 years of rule in Taiwan came to an end.
PoliticsTaiwan Prefecture
There was talk of abandoning Taiwan in the DPRK, but Shi Lang made a strong statement that Taiwan could not be abandoned. Xuanye adopted his proposal and established Taiwan Prefecture, which was subordinate to Fujian Province and administered three counties: Taiwan, Fengshan and Zhuluo, and stationed troops there.
Lasting legacyTaiwan was officially included in the administrative division of Qing Dynasty. The government was in present-day Tainan. The name of Fengshan is now Fengshan District, Kaohsiung City. Zhuluo County was later renamed Chiayi.
EconomyOpen sea ban
After Taiwan's reunification, it announced the opening of sea restrictions, allowing coastal people to trade and fish at sea. Later, it established four customs offices in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu to manage foreign trade. The coastal depression caused by the border relocation gradually recovered.
MilitaryBattle of Yaksa
The Tsarist Russian army invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin and built a city in Yaksa. Xuanye sent troops to besiege, forcing the Russian army to surrender and withdraw in 1685. The Russian army soon came back, and the Qing army besieged the city again, and the Russians had to send envoys to sue for peace.
DiplomacySigning of the Treaty of Nerchinsk
Suo Etu and the Russian envoy Golovin negotiated a treaty in Nerchinsk, using the Ergun River, the Gelbiqi River and the Waixing'an Mountains as the boundaries, and legally affirmed that the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River basins belonged to China. The Latin text of the treaty is the official text.
Lasting legacyThe Ergun River is still the boundary river between China and Russia; a large area of territory south of the Outer Xing'an Mountains was ceded to Russia in 1858 and 1860.
MilitarySanzheng Ga Erdan
Ga Erdan, the leader of Junggar, invaded Khalkha Mongolia eastward, and the Qing army defeated him in Ulanbutong in 1690. From 1696 to 1697, Xuanye went on three personal expeditions, and Fei Yanggu defeated his main force in Zhaomoda. Ga Erdan rebelled against their relatives and died soon after.
PoliticsToronto Alliance
He met with the leaders of the Khalkha Mongolian tribes in Dolonol, accepted their submission, and established flags and officials following the example of Monan Mongolia. Mobei Mongolia was officially included in the territory of Qing dynasty. Xuan Ye believed that this move was stronger than building the Great Wall.
Lasting legacyThe Huizong Temple built to commemorate the alliance remains in Duolun County, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia today.
Science & technologyLectures on Western Learning
Xuanye suffered from malaria, and French missionary Hong Ruohan and others donated cinchona (quinine) to cure him. He studied geometry, astronomy and anatomy with missionaries for a long time. In his later years, he set up a Mengyangzhai in the palace and organized the compilation of books such as "The Essence of Mathematics and Science".
CultureBuild a summer resort
A palace was built in Rehe, and Xuanye named it "Summer Resort" in 1711. From then on, the Qing emperors handled government affairs and met with Mongolian princes and foreign envoys here every summer and autumn. Rehe became another political center besides Beijing.
Lasting legacyThe Summer Resort and surrounding temples were listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 1994. The Summer Resort is the largest existing classical royal garden in China.
CultureCompiled and published "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
Cao Yin was ordered to set up a bureau in Yangzhou, and ten people including Peng Dingqiu collated and compiled the poems of the Tang and Five Dynasties. It was compiled in 1706 and published the following year. The book has 900 volumes and contains more than 48,900 poems by more than 2,200 poets.
Lasting legacy"Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" is still the most basic collection for studying Tang poetry.
PoliticsTwo Wastes Crown Prince
Crown Prince Yin Reng was arrogant and unethical, and was deposed in 1708. The eldest son Yin Ti and the eighth son Yin Si took the opportunity to compete for the throne. The following year, Xuanye re-established Yin Reng, and deposed him again in 1712. Since then, he no longer publicly established a crown prince, and the overt and covert conflicts among the princes became more intense.
Science & technologySurveying and Mapping "Comprehensive Map of the Imperial Palace"
Missionaries such as Bai Jin, Lei Xiaosi, and Du Demei were ordered to work with Chinese personnel to use astronomical observation and triangulation methods to measure the longitude and latitude of various places. It took about ten years to draw the "Imperial Map", which was China's first nationwide measured map.
Lasting legacyMount Everest has been marked on the map and is called "Zhumulang Ma'alin". This is generally believed to be one of the earliest records of the peak appearing on a map.
CultureCompiled into "Kangxi Dictionary"
Zhang Yushu, Chen Tingjing and others were ordered to compile a dictionary based on Zihui and Zhengzitong of the Ming Dynasty, which was completed in 1716. The book contains more than 47,000 characters, arranged according to 214 radicals, with phonetic notations, explanations and citations for each character.
Lasting legacyTwo hundred and fourteen radicals became the common style of dictionaries in later generations. Today's computer character set Unicode has a special "Kangxi Radicals" area, which contains these 214 radicals.
EconomyBreeding people will never increase their wealth
It was announced that the levy of Ding Yin would be based on the number of people in the fiftieth year of Kangxi's reign, and that there would be "never any additional tax" for the new population thereafter. This policy reduced the incentive to hide the population and created conditions for the implementation of allotment of people into acres during the Yongzheng period.
PoliticsCanonizing Panchen E Erdeni
An envoy was sent to Tibet, and the fifth Panchen Lama Lobsang Yeshi was canonized as "Panchen E Erdeni" and awarded a gold book and gold seal, officially establishing the Panchen Lama's political and religious status. Since then, the two major living Buddha systems, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, have been canonized by the central government.
Lasting legacyThe title "Panchen E Erdeni" was thus established and has been used by successive Panchen Lamas to this day.
MilitaryPreservation
In 1717, the Junggar army raided Lhasa and killed Lhasa Khan of the Keshote tribe. Xuanye appointed the emperor's fourteenth son Yinzhen as the general of Fuyuan. In 1720, the Qing army entered Tibet in two groups, expelled the Junggar army, escorted the seventh Dalai Lama to the Potala Palace to be enthroned, and thereafter stationed troops in Tibet.
DiplomacyThe Etiquette Controversy and the Prohibition of Religion
Xuanye issued an edict in 1692 allowing Catholic missionaries. The Holy See later banned Chinese believers from worshiping their ancestors and Confucius, and sent envoys to China to negotiate. After reading the Holy See's prohibition, Xuanye said, "It is forbidden." Since then, missionary activities have been strictly restricted.
Xuanye's parents died one after another when he was young, and he was raised by his grandmother Xiaozhuang. During her auxiliary period, she reconciled all parties and supported Xuan Ye in capturing Ao Bai and pacifying the three vassals, and was deeply respected by Xuan Ye. When he died in 1688, Xuanye was in deep sorrow.
Guarjia, who fought with Hong Taiji in his early years, was known as the "No. 1 Warrior in Manchuria". In the early years of Kangxi, he was one of the four assistant ministers. He formed a party to monopolize power, forcibly changed the flag territory, and killed Suk Saha. In 1669, he was captured by Xuanye and died in prison.
The son of Sony, he assisted Xuan Ye in capturing Ao Bai, and later served as a bachelor and a minister in charge of the bodyguard. In 1689, as the chief representative, he signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia. Because he supported Crown Prince Yin Reng and formed a party, he was detained and died in 1703.
He guarded Yunnan for many years and had a large number of troops. In 1673, he withdrew the vassal and raised troops to rebel against the Qing Dynasty, calling himself the King of Zhou. He proclaimed himself emperor in Hengzhou in 1678 and died of illness in the same year. His grandson Wu Shifan committed suicide after being defeated in Kunming in 1681.
A native of Jinjiang, Fujian, he was originally a general under Zheng Chenggong and later surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. In 1683, he led the navy to conquer Penghu and forced Zheng Keshuang to surrender. He also advocated the retention of Taiwan and the title of Marquis of Jinghai.
Belgian Jesuits. He won the calendar dispute with actual measurements, presided over the Qin Tian Jian, manufactured astronomical instruments, taught astronomy and mathematics to Xuan Ye, and was ordered to cast light artillery during the San Francisco Rebellion.
From 1677, he served as the governor of rivers for more than ten years. He and his staff Chen Huang used the method of "reinforcement of water to attack sand" to regulate the Yellow River, Huaihe River and canals, and dug the middle river to make water transportation smooth. He was once impeached and resigned, but was reinstated in his later years.
The leader of the Oirat Mongol Junggar tribe, he studied Dharma in Tibet in his early years. After unifying the Oirat tribes and controlling the southern Tianshan Road, he invaded Khalkha eastward and started wars with Qing Dynasty. He suffered repeated defeats and died in 1697. He committed suicide by poisoning.
Xuan Ye's eldest son and his biological mother, Queen Xiao Chengren, died of dystocia. He was established as Crown Prince at the age of two. After he became an adult, he formed a party for selfish interests and became arrogant and immoral. He was deposed twice in 1708 and 1712. He was imprisoned for a long time after that. He died in the early years of Yongzheng.
The eldest son of the great scholar Mingzhu was appointed as a first-class bodyguard and often accompanied Xuanye on patrols. He was good at writing lyrics, and his style of writing was sincere and sad. His "Drinking Water Ci" has been handed down to the world. He was promoted as a leader in the poetry circle in the early Qing Dynasty. He died of illness at the age of thirty-one.