Dynasties of ChinaQing dynastyQing dynasty lineage
Shunzhi · Reign 1643—1661
He ascended the throne at the age of six and entered the customs to make his capital Beijing. After taking charge, he rectified the administration of officials and advocated Confucianism and Taoism. He died of illness at the age of twenty-four.
Fulin is the ninth son of Hong Taiji, and his biological mother is Zhuang Fei Borjijit. Hong Taiji died suddenly in 1643, and Hauge and Duo Ergun were in a quarrel over the throne. It was finally agreed that Fulin, who was only six years old, would succeed him, with Duo Ergun and Ji Erhalang as assistants. The following year, Li Zicheng captured Beijing, and Duo Ergun led the Qing army into the Pass, defeated the Dashun army at Shanhaiguan, and occupied Beijing. Fulin immediately moved the capital to Beijing and held another enthronement ceremony in the Forbidden City.
In the early years of Shunzhi, the real power was in the hands of Prince Regent Duo Ergun. The Qing army went south to eliminate the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and at the same time implemented policies such as shaving hair and changing clothes, enclosing land, and the escape law, which aroused fierce resistance in Jiangnan and other places. After the death of Duo Ergun in 1650, the fourteen-year-old Fulin took charge of the government. He pursued Duo Ergun's title, suppressed the kings, rectified the government, promoted Confucianism, and appointed Han officials;
Fulin was eager to learn and loved to read Chinese classics. He had close contacts with the German missionary Tang Ruowang. In his later years, he believed in Buddhism. In 1660, his beloved concubine Dong E died of illness, and he was devastated. In the first month of 1661, Fulin died of smallpox in the Yangxin Hall at the age of twenty-four. He was succeeded by the emperor's third son Xuan Ye. There is no reliable basis for the rumor among the people that he became a monk in Mount Wutai.
Fulin reigned for eighteen years, of which Duo Ergun was the regent for the first seven years. Most of the major decisions on entering the Pass, establishing the capital, and the southern expedition came from the latter. After taking office, he was diligent in government affairs, attached great importance to officialdom and Confucianism, and appointed Han officials, paving the way for the stability of the Kangxi Dynasty. However, policies such as shaving hair, enclosing land, and the escape law brought serious suffering to the Han people and intensified ethnic opposition. When he died young, Qing Dynasty had not yet unified the country, leaving his youngest son with a situation where everything was in ruins.
PoliticsSuccession to the throne at the age of six
After the sudden death of Hong Taiji, the two yellow flag ministers advocated the establishment of a prince, while the Duo Ergun side fought with troops. Finally, it was agreed to establish the emperor Fulin, the ninth son, with Duo Ergun and Ji Erhalang to jointly assist the government, and change the Yuan Dynasty to Shunzhi the following year.
MilitaryBattle of Shanhaiguan
After Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Wu Sangui, the commander-in-chief of Shanhaiguan, asked for help from the Qing army. Duo Ergun arrived with his army and joined forces with the Wu army to defeat the Dashun army in Yishishi area of Shanhaiguan. He then marched into Beijing and held a funeral for Emperor Chongzhen to win over the people.
PoliticsMoved the capital to Beijing
In September, Fulin arrived in Beijing from Shengjing. On the first day of October, he offered sacrifices to heaven and earth in the Forbidden City. He once again ascended the throne as emperor and issued edicts to the world. Qing dynasty thus became a national political power that ruled the Central Plains, and Shengjing was changed to the capital.
Lasting legacyQing Dynasty continued to use the Forbidden City as its imperial palace; in 1645, the three main halls of the outer dynasty were renamed the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe, and the Hall of Baohe, and the names of the halls are still in use today.
SocietyIssue an enclosure order
In December, an order was issued to encircle the "ownerless wasteland" in the capital area and distribute it to the Eight Banners princes and soldiers who entered the customs. In fact, a large number of civilian fields were also occupied and the people were displaced. During the Shunzhi period, there were three large-scale land enclosures, and it was not until the Kangxi period that an official order was issued to stop it.
Science & technologyConstitutional calendar when promulgated
The new calendar revised by German missionary Tang Ruowang based on Western astronomical methods was adopted, named "Shixian Calendar" and issued nationwide. The new calendar is divided into twenty-four solar terms based on the actual position of the sun on the ecliptic, which is the so-called "fixed energy".
Lasting legacyThe current lunar calendar still uses the Shixian calendar to determine the twenty-four solar terms.
MilitaryDestroy the Hongguang regime
Duduo led his army southward and captured Yangzhou in April. The governor Shi Kefa was martyred and the Qing army massacred the city for ten days, which is known as the "Ten Days of Yangzhou" in history. In May, the Qing army crossed the river and entered Nanjing. Emperor Hongguang was captured after escaping, and the first regime in Nanming was destroyed.
SocietyEasy to wear after shaving hair
In June, the hair-shaving order was reiterated, and soldiers and civilians in various places were ordered to shave their heads and leave them in braids within ten days, and to wear Manchu clothes. As the saying goes, "If you leave your head, you will not leave your hair, and if you leave your hair, you will not leave your head." Scholars and people in Jiangyin, Jiading and other places rose up to resist, but were brutally suppressed.
SocietyLiving in Manchu and Han branch
It was ordered that all Han officials and civilians in the inner city of Beijing should move to the outer city. The inner city would be stationed by the Eight Banners according to their directions, forming a pattern in which the banner people lived separately. From then on, Han officials, scholars and merchants mainly lived in the outer city.
Lasting legacyThere are many guild halls in the Xuannan area of Beijing, and Liulichang developed into a distribution center for books and cultural toys, forming the "Xuannan culture" that continues to this day.
PoliticsPro-Government and Liquidation Duo Ergun
At the end of 1650, Duo Ergun fell from his horse and was injured while hunting in Kara City and died. Fulin, who was fourteen years old in the first month of the following year, took charge of the government. Soon Duo Ergun was accused of plotting to usurp the throne, seeking titles and imperial titles, and his cronies were also purged.
MilitaryLi Dingguo became king twice
The remnants of the Daxi Army joined forces with the Yongli regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Li Dingguo led his troops out of Hunan and Guangxi, conquered Guilin in July, and Kong Youde set himself on fire. In November, he killed Prince Nikan of Qing Jingjin in Hengyang, which shocked the Qing court.
PoliticsCanonization of the Fifth Dalai Lama
The fifth Dalai Lama was invited to Beijing for an audience. Fulin received him in Nanyuan and treated him with courtesy. On his way back to Tibet in 1653, the Qing government officially conferred upon him the title of "the Ordinary Wachi Lathara Dalai Lama led by the Great Compassionate Buddha in the West" and awarded him a gold book and gold seal.
Lasting legacySince then, successive Dalai Lamas must be canonized by the central government and become customs; the Xihuang Temple outside Andingmen in Beijing was the residence built for the fifth Dalai Lama in that year.
PoliticsSet up thirteen yamen
Thirteen yamen were established in imitation of the Ming Dynasty to manage palace affairs, with eunuchs in charge. In 1655, an iron plaque was erected in the palace, clearly instructing eunuchs not to interfere in political affairs or make friends with foreign officials. Violators would be punished with death.
EconomyPromulgate a sea ban
In order to cut off the support of Zheng Chenggong from the residents along the southeast coast, it was ordered that commercial and civilian ships were strictly prohibited from entering the sea without permission, and any offenders would be punished. Five years later, the Qing government further promoted border relocation, and the coastal economy and foreign trade suffered heavy losses.
CultureDing You Examination Case
Fraud cases in rural examinations occurred in Shuntian, Jiangnan and other places. Fulin personally re-examined candidates and severely punished the examiners. Many examiners were executed, and some candidates were exiled to Ninggu Pagoda, including the poet Wu Zhaoqian. The case shocked Shilin.
MilitaryZheng Chenggong besieged Nanjing
Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan led their land and water armies up the Yangtze River and conquered Zhenjiang and other places. They surrounded Nanjing and shook the south of the Yangtze River. Zheng Chenggong was attacked and defeated by the Qing army, and he retreated to Xiamen. In the same year, the Qing army invaded Kunming, and Emperor Yongli fled into Myanmar.
PeopleDong Efei died of illness
Fulin's favorite imperial concubine Dong E died of illness at the age of twenty-two. Fulin was so distraught that she was granted the title of Empress Xiaoxian, and she personally wrote the deeds. For a time, she wanted to become a monk, but was dissuaded from doing so.
PoliticsThe Hall of Nourishing the Heart after Death from Sickness
He died of smallpox in Yangxin Hall on the seventh day of the first lunar month. The imperial edict was succeeded by the third son of the emperor, Xuan Ye, who had suffered from smallpox, and was assisted by four ministers. There were many self-blame words in the edict, and it is generally believed that it was revised by Xiaozhuangtaihou and the ministers.
Lasting legacyFulin was buried in the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Zunhua, Hebei Province. The Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty are centered around the Xiaoling Mausoleum. In 2000, it was listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site as the "Ming & Qing Royal Mausoleum".
In the early years of Shunzhi, he took charge of the government as his uncle Prince Regent. He presided over the entry into the customs, established the capital in Beijing, and went south to destroy Hongguang. He established the pattern of Qing dynasty ruling the Central Plains. At the same time, he promoted high-pressure policies such as shaving hair and enclosing land. After his death, his title was taken away, and his reputation was restored during the Qianlong period.
That is Bu Mubutai. After Hong Taiji's death, the kings fought for the throne to preserve the throne of his youngest son, and Duo Ergun was involved in the regency. After Fulin's death, he assisted his young grandson Xuanye and was an important stabilizing force in the political situation in the early Qing Dynasty.
The nephew of Nurhaci, he was the auxiliary king with Duo Ergun, but his real power was gradually taken away by Duo Ergun. After Fulin came to power, he was put in a prominent position and presided over the liquidation of the Duo Ergun party.
A German Jesuit, he came to China in the late Ming Dynasty to participate in the calendar training. After entering the Qing Dynasty, the Last Ruler held Qin Tianjian and promulgated the "Shixian Calendar". He was deeply respected by Fulin and was respectfully called "Mafa" (meaning grandfather in Manchu). In the early years of Kangxi's reign, Yang Guangxian was falsely accused and imprisoned. He died of illness shortly after his release.
The commander-in-chief of Shanhaiguan Pass in the Ming Dynasty led the Qing army into the Shanhaiguan Pass and defeated Li Zicheng in 1644, and was granted the title of Pingxi King. After that, he was the pioneer of the Qing army and led the army to invade Yunnan. In 1662, he executed Emperor Yongli in Kunming and guarded Yunnan for a long time.
He is a native of Nan'an, Fujian, the son of Zheng Zhilong, and his mother is Japanese. After his father surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, he insisted on fighting against the Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. In 1659, the Northern Expedition to Nanjing failed. In 1661, he led his army across the sea to attack Taiwan. The following year, he forced the Dutch colonists to surrender. He died of illness soon after.
The daughter of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Eshuo, entered the palace in 1656. She was deeply favored by Fulin and was soon promoted to the title of imperial concubine. The fourth son of the emperor died of illness shortly after his birth, and she was posthumously named Empress Xiaoxian.