Dynasties of ChinaYuan dynastyYuan dynasty lineage
Yuantong · Zhizheng · Reign 1333—1368
Yuan Dynasty, the last emperor, reigned for thirty-five years. After experiencing bank change, river regulation and the Red Turban uprising, he abandoned most of the capital and went north in 1368.
Toghon Temür is the eldest son of Mingzong. Wenzong was exiled to Korea and Guangxi. After Ningzong died in 1332, Yan Tiemuer and other ministers welcomed him. Due to the instability of the court, it was postponed to June 1333 before he was established in Shangdu. The following year, he was renamed Yuan Tong. In the early years, the powerful ministers Yan Tiemuer and Bo Yan took power one after another, and he was once in name only. In 1340, he joined forces with Tuo Tuo to depose Bo Yan. After taking office, he implemented the "Zhi Zheng Genghua", restored the imperial examination, opened the Jingyan, and revised the three histories of Liao, Jin, and Song Dynasties.
However, after 1344, the Yellow River flooded year after year and the finances were depleted. The imperial court issued banknotes indiscriminately and recruited civilians to manage the river, which aroused public resentment. In 1351, the Red Scarf Army uprising broke out. After that, Zhang Shicheng, Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youliang and others separated themselves from each other. In 1356, Tuo Tuo was dismissed from office and poisoned to death. Internal fighting continued in the court, and various local armed forces also fell into melee. In his later years, he indulged in pleasure and ignored political affairs. In 1368, the Ming army conquered Dadu. He marched north to Dudu overnight in Leap July, and then retreated to Yingchang. He died of illness in Yingchang in April 1370. His son Aiyou Shili Dala succeeded to the throne, and was known as the Northern Yuan Dynasty in history.
Huizong reigned for thirty-five years and was the longest-reigning emperor under Yuan Dynasty. In the early days, he was hampered by powerful ministers. Although he made great changes after taking office, the government was corrupted, the finances collapsed, coupled with the Yellow River floods and the failure of currency exchange, the social crisis became out of control. In his later years, he indulged in pleasure, and the imperial court continued to fight, eventually losing the Central Plains. When he evacuated the capital, he did not hold on, but retreated to the grasslands, allowing the Mongolian Khanate to continue as the Northern Yuan Dynasty. This is also the difference between him and many kings who lost their countries.
SocietyExile and Succession
When he was young, he was exiled by Wenzong to Korea and Jingjiang, Guangxi. After Ningzong died in infancy, Yan Tiemuer and others welcomed him back to Dadu. During this period, he and the powerful officials were suspicious of each other and did not dare to express his position easily. He did not ascend the throne in Xanadu until the following year.
PoliticsShangdu ascends the throne
June came to the throne in Xanadu at the age of fourteen. The following year, the Yuan Dynasty was changed to the Yuan Dynasty. The government was first controlled by Yan Tiemuer, and after the death of Yan Tiemuer, Bo Yan took over.
PoliticsBo Yan exclusive power
The Right Prime Minister Bo Yan took over the power. In 1335, he ordered the suspension of the imperial examination. In 1337, he banned Han Chinese and Southerners from holding weapons, and proposed to kill all the Han people with the surnames Zhang, Wang, Liu, Li, and Zhao. This was opposed by the government and the opposition and was not implemented.
PoliticsTuo Tuo deposed Bo Yan
Bo Yan was arrogant and lost power. Tuo Tuo and Emperor Shun planned to demote him from the court. Bo Yan died on the way. Tuo Tuo was appointed as the Prime Minister on the right side of Zhongshu, and he implemented the "change", changed the Yuan Dynasty to Zhengzheng, and re-appointed Confucian officials.
CultureRestoration of imperial examinations
In the second year of Zhizheng, the imperial examination was resumed, and Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was used as the examination standard; at the same time, the Jingyan was reopened, the Xuanwen Pavilion was established, and Confucian officials were appointed, which was known as "Zhizheng Genghua" in history.
CultureCompilation of the Three Histories of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties
Tuo Tuo served as the president and presided over the compilation of "History of the Song Dynasty", "History of the Liao Dynasty" and "History of the Jin Dynasty". He treated the three dynasties equally based on the principle of "each with orthodoxy", and the three histories were completed one after another within two or three years.
Lasting legacy"History of the Song Dynasty", "History of the Liao Dynasty" and "History of the Jin Dynasty" are now included in the "Twenty-Four Histories", which are the basic historical materials for studying the history of the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties. Among them, the "History of the Song Dynasty" is the largest one among the Twenty-Four Histories.
SocietyYellow River Baimao Embankment breach
In May, the Yellow River flooded at Baimao Embankment and other places, flooding Jining, Caozhou and other places. Shandong, Henan, and Jianghuai areas suffered greatly. In the following years, famines continued and social conflicts intensified.
Diplomacy"Dao Yi Zhi Lue" was published
Wang Dayuan, a native of Nanchang, went on two long voyages with merchant ships. What he saw was written in "Dao Yi Zhi Lue", which recorded the customs and products of nearly a hundred countries and regions along the Southeast Asian and Indian Oceans. It is an important document for studying overseas trade in the Yuan Dynasty.
EconomyZhizhengbianbao
In order to solve the financial difficulties, the imperial court printed "Zhizhengjiao banknotes", a copper coin of 1,000 yuan for Guanwen Province, and minted Zhizhengtongbao at the same time. In the past few years, the value of banknotes plummeted, prices soared, and many people turned to barter.
Science & technologyJia Lu River Control
Jia Lu, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, was appointed as the general envoy for river control. He mobilized 150,000 civilians and 20,000 sergeants. It took several months to use dredging, dredging and plugging to restore the Yellow River to its original course. The project was quite successful, but the conscription process aroused public resentment.
Lasting legacyThe Jia Lu River now flows through Zhengzhou and Kaifeng, Henan. It was named after Jia Lu's river management. It is still one of the important rivers in Henan.
MilitaryRed Turban Uprising
Han Shantong and Liu Futong buried the one-eyed stone man in the Huanglinggang River. Rumors spread that "the stone man with one eye would stir up rebellion in the Yellow River" and started an uprising in Yingzhou. The heads of the rebels were wrapped in red scarves, and various places responded. Xu Shouhui, Guo Zixing and others also raised troops one after another.
MilitaryTuo Tuo Zheng Gaoyou
Zhang Shicheng, who commanded the army to conquer Gaoyou under Tuo Tuo, was about to capture it, but was framed by political enemies Hama and others, who took away the military power. The army collapsed, and Zhang Shicheng turned the corner. Tuo Tuo was exiled in 1355 and poisoned in 1356.
PoliticsKing Xiao Ming proclaimed himself emperor
Liu Futong welcomed Han Lin'er, the son of Han Shantong, as the emperor and called him "King Xiao Ming". The country was named Song Dynasty, Longfeng was established in the Yuan Dynasty, and Bozhou was established as the capital. After that, the Red Scarf Army split up its expedition to the north, which once shocked most of the capital. Zhu Yuanzhang was also given his reign title in the early days.
MilitaryZhu Yuanzhang takes Jiqing
Zhu Yuanzhang led his army across the river to capture Jiqing and renamed it Yingtianfu. Using this as a base, he successively eliminated Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng, becoming the most powerful among the heroes in the late Yuan Dynasty, and established Ming Dynasty in 1368.
Lasting legacyYingtianfu is now Nanjing, and Zhu Yuanzhang established his capital here. Today, more than 20 kilometers of Ming city walls in Nanjing are still preserved.
PoliticsInfighting within the imperial court
The warlord Polo Timur of the Yuan Dynasty, Kuo Kuo Timur and the Crown Prince Aiyou Shili Dara fought against each other. Polo Timur once entered the capital and was soon killed. The imperial court was unable to organize effective resistance, and the Yuan army was exhausted internally.
MilitaryGo north to the capital
The Ming army captured Tongzhou, and Emperor Shun led his concubine and Crown Prince out of Dadu on the night of July 28 to go north to Shangdu. On August 2, the Ming army entered the city, and Yuan Dynasty's rule in the Central Plains came to an end.
Lasting legacyAfter the Ming army entered the city, Dadu was renamed Peiping. Today's central axis and inner city layout of Beijing were developed from Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty.
PeopleYingchang died of illness
He retreated to Yingchang and died of illness in April. He reigned for thirty-five years and was succeeded by his son Aiyou Shili Dara. Ming Dynasty was posthumously named "Emperor Shun" because of his "knowledge and obedience to destiny", and the Northern Yuan Dynasty named his temple Huizong.
After the death of Yan Tiemuer, he became the right prime minister of Zhongshu. In 1335, he abolished the imperial examination and advocated the suppression of Han people. He was later demoted by Tuo Tuo and Emperor Shun and died on the way.
The nephew of Bo Yan, he served twice as the Prime Minister on the right side of Zhongshu. He promoted Zheng Geng and presided over the compilation of the Three Histories and the administration of the Yellow River. He left Gaoyou in 1354 and was dismissed from office. He was exiled the following year and was poisoned to death the following year.
His courtesy name was Youheng, a native of Gaoping, Hedong. In 1351, he was appointed as the Chief River Control Envoy and presided over the management of the Yellow River. After the project was successful, he was promoted to Doctor Ronglu. He later died of illness during the war to suppress the Red Turban Army.
A native of Yingzhou, he jointly launched the Red Scarf Army uprising with Han Shantong and ushered in Han Lin'er. He was the main military leader of the Red Scarf Army in the north for a long time. He died in Anfeng in 1363 when he was besieged by Zhang Shicheng's general Lu Zhen.
Born into poverty, he defected to Guo Zixing in 1352, occupied Jiqing in 1356, defeated Chen Youliang at Poyang Lake in 1363, defeated Zhang Shicheng in 1367, and proclaimed himself emperor the following year and conquered Dadu.
In his later years, he lived in seclusion by the Fuchun River and spent several years completing "Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains". The work was later burned by fire and was divided into two parts: "The Remaining Mountains" and "Wuyongshi Volume", which are stored in the Zhejiang Museum and the National Palace Museum in Taipei respectively.
A Korean, she was originally a maid in the palace, and was later established as a queen. She gave birth to the Crown Prince Aiyou Shili Dara, and became an important figure in late palace politics. In 1368, she followed Emperor Shun to the north.