Dynasties of ChinaJin dynastyJin dynasty lineage
Tiande · Zhenglong · Reign 1149—1161
He killed the king and established himself, moved the capital to Yanjing and opened the capital of Beijing. He invaded the south and was killed by his subordinates after being defeated.
Wanyan Liang's real name is Digunai, the grandson of Taizu and the second son of Zongqian. He learned Chinese since he was a child, loved reading and talking, joined the army as a young man, and gained experience under Zong Bi. Xizong was jealous of and killed indiscriminately in his later years. After he was promoted to the right prime minister, he conspired with his consort Tang Kuobian and others. On the night of December 1149, he went into the palace to kill Xizong and established himself in the Yuan Dynasty. After he ascended the throne, he carried out massacres of the clan, and more than a hundred descendants of Taizong and Zonghan were killed.
He was determined to centralize power: he moved the capital to Yanjing and renamed it Zhongdu; he abolished the two provinces of Zhongshu and Menxia and established only Shangshu Province; he moved the Taizu and Taizong mausoleums to Dafang Mountain, and demolished the palace in Shangjing, forcing the Jurchen nobles to leave their old base. At the same time, banknotes were issued, copper coins were minted, and a large number of Meng'an Mouke households were moved to farming in the Central Plains.
Prince of Hailing was determined to unify the world. In 1161, he moved the capital to Bianjing and sent out an army to invade the south in four directions. The Khitan people in the rear rebelled, and Wanyan Yong stayed in Tokyo and proclaimed himself emperor in Liaoyang; the Jin army in the front line was repulsed by Yu Yunwen in quarrying. He transferred to Yangzhou to prepare to cross the river from Guazhou. He was strictly ordered to cross the river within three days, which triggered a mutiny and was killed by his subordinates Wanyan Yuanyi and others. He was forty years old. After his death, he was first demoted to the title of Hailing County Prince, and then deposed as a commoner.
Prince of Hailing was a talented man who was familiar with Han culture. He moved the capital to Yanjing, changed the system to a provincial system, and reorganized finances. He promoted the transformation of Jin dynasty from a tribal power to a Central Plains dynasty. He also started the history of Beijing as the capital of the dynasty. However, he was cruel and bloodthirsty, massacred the clan, killed his aunt, and invaded the south regardless of the country's strength. In the end, everyone betrayed their relatives and died at the hands of his subordinates. "History of the Jin Dynasty" contains many records of his debauchery and cruelty. One theory is that some of them were deliberately derogatory by the Shizong Dynasty.
PoliticsKill Xizong and become independent
In December, he colluded with the consort Tang Kuobian, chief minister Bingde and others, and broke into the palace late at night to assassinate Xizong. He immediately ascended the throne, adopted the era name Tiande, and honored his father Zongqian as Dezong.
PoliticsKill the clan
More than 70 descendants of Taizong and more than 30 descendants of Zonghan were executed for treason. Bingde, Tang Kuobian and others who supported him were also executed later. The Taizong line has since declined, and the imperial power has been unprecedentedly concentrated.
SocietyExpansion of Yanjing
An edict was issued to expand the city of Yanjing and build palaces, and ordered Zhang Hao and others to preside over it. The new city expanded to the east, west and south on the basis of the old city of Nanjing in the Liao Dynasty, and the palace system was modeled on Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty.
PoliticsMove the capital to Zhongdu
In March, the capital was officially moved to Yanjing, renamed Zhongdu, and Jinfu was renamed Daxingfu. Jin Dynasty's political center moved from Northeast China to North China, making it easier to control the Central Plains.
Lasting legacyBeijing was founded as a capital in 1153, and held the 850th anniversary of its founding in 2003; the Jinzhongdu Shuiguan site is now in the Liaojin City Wall Museum in Fengtai District.
EconomyIssue banknotes
A banknote printing library and a banknote delivery warehouse were set up to issue banknotes and circulate them in parallel with copper coins. New banknotes were issued every seven years. During the Zhenglong period, "Zhenglong Tongbao" copper coins began to be minted. Banknotes later became the main currency of Jin Dynasty.
PoliticsRelocation to Dafangshan
Dafang Mountain in the southwest of Yanjing was used as the royal mausoleum area, and the tombs of Taizu, Taizong and other ancestors were moved from Shangjing to this place to show that the roots of Jin dynasty had been moved to Zhongdu.
Lasting legacyThe Jinling site is located in Fangshan District, Beijing today. It is the earliest imperial tomb complex in Beijing, more than 200 years earlier than the Ming Tombs.
PoliticsZhenglong official system
The two provinces of Zhongshu and Menxia were abolished, and only the general affairs of the Shangshu Province were retained. The six ministries were directly under the Shangshu Province. The structure of three provinces coexisting was changed to a one-province system, setting a precedent for later generations to have one central agency take charge of government affairs.
PoliticsDemolish Shangjing
He cut off the title of Shangjing and ordered the palaces, ancestral temples and noble residences in Shangjing to be demolished and razed to farmland. This move cut off the base of the old Jurchen nobles and also caused dissatisfaction among many Jurchens.
MilitaryPreparing for Southern Invasion
It is said that he read Liu Yong's "Looking at the Sea Tide" and envied "three autumns of osmanthus and ten miles of lotus flowers", so he decided to throw a whip to cross the river. After that, warships were built in Tongzhou and other places, horses were taken from the people, and soldiers from all walks of life were recruited. The people were overwhelmed.
PeopleKill the aunt
His aunt Tudantaihou dissuaded the southern invasion, but was killed by the Prince of Hailing and her body was burned. His cruelty to his relatives further alienated the government and the public.
MilitaryKhitan raises troops
Because the Khitans were recruited to join the army for the southern expedition, the Khitans in the northwest, led by Sa Ba and Yi Lawowo, rebelled against the Jin Dynasty, and Wo Wo later proclaimed himself emperor. The rebellion pinned down a large number of Jin troops and was not put down until Shizong.
MilitaryOverturning the country and invading the south
In June, the capital was moved to Bianjing, and in September, the army was launched. Prince of Hailing personally led the main force out of Shouchun, and the naval force went directly to Lin'an from the sea route, and attacked Jingxiang, Sichuan and Shaanxi on the west road. It was known as a million troops.
MilitaryBattle of Tang Island
The Jin Shui Army moved south along the coast and was raided by Song general Li Bao on Tang Island in Jiaoxi. The Song army burned hundreds of Jin Army warships with rockets, and the Jin Army's plan to capture Lin'an by sea went bankrupt.
PoliticsShizong Liaoyang proclaimed himself emperor
In October, Wanyan Yong, who was left behind in Tokyo, was proclaimed emperor in Liaoyang, changed to Dading in Yuan Dynasty, and was declared guilty of Prince of Hailing. When the soldiers of the Southern Expedition heard the news, their morale was shaken, and many people fled back to the north.
MilitaryQuarry's defeat
In November, the Prince of Hailing wanted to cross the river at Caishi. Song Wenchen Yu Yunwen gathered his defeated troops and attacked with warships. The Jin army was defeated. Prince of Hailing transferred to Yangzhou and prepared to cross the river from Guazhou.
PoliticsGuazhou Mutiny
Prince of Hailing strictly ordered the entire army to cross the river within three days, otherwise all the generals accompanying the army would be killed. Wanyan Yuanyi, the military commander of the Western Zhejiang Province, and others launched a mutiny and shot him dead in the Guishan Temple camp in Guazhou. The Jin army then withdrew northward.
A native of Bohai, Liaoyang, he served as an official in four dynasties from Taizong to Shizong. When the Prince of Hailing was in charge of the expansion of Yanjing and the construction of palaces, he also presided over the construction of Bianjing palace, and his official position reached chief minister. After Shizong ascended the throne, he was still used in important ways.
The aunt of Prince of Hailing. Prince of Hailing's biological mother, Da's family, was the second family of Zong Qian. After he ascended the throne, the two palaces were jointly honored. Tu Shan repeatedly tried to dissuade the southern invasion, but was killed by the Prince of Hailing in 1161.
In 1161, he raised troops with Saba to resist the conscription. Later, he killed Saba and established himself. He proclaimed himself emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Tianzheng. He once attacked Linhuang, Taizhou and other places. In 1162, he was defeated and captured by Shizong's army.
Southern Song Wenchen, the general had resigned when he was ordered to quarry the troops. He resolutely gathered more than 18,000 scattered men, used warships to repel the Jin army, and shattered the Prince of Hailing's attempt to cross the river.
He was originally a subordinate of Yue Fei and later a general of the Southern Song Navy. In 1161, he led 120 warships and 3,000 navy troops northward, and burned the Jin fleet with rockets at Tang Island in Jiaoxi.
His real surname is Yelu, and his father gave him the surname Wanyan after he returned to Jin Dynasty. During the Southern Expedition, he served as the commander of the military and horse capital of West Zhejiang Province. He was forced to cross the river by the Prince of Hailing and conspired with other generals to kill him. He led his army back north and later surrendered to Shizong.