Dynasties of ChinaJin dynastyJin dynasty lineage
Zhenyou · Xingding · Reign 1213—1223
In times of crisis, he was supported by powerful ministers and moved his capital to Bianjing to avoid the Mongols. However, he launched war against the Song and Xia Dynasties, making Jin Dynasty surrounded by enemies on three sides.
Wanyan Xun's real name is Wu Jianbu. Xianzong Yun is the eldest son of a common concubine and Zhangzong's half-brother, and he is promoted to king. In 1213, Hu Shahu killed the Prince of Weishao and welcomed him. Soon Shu Hugaoqi killed Hu Shahu and took power. At that time, the Mongolian army went deep into Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi, and broke through more than 90 counties. He was forced by Duke Xian to sue for peace, and moved the capital to Nanjing to Kaifeng in May 1214. In the following year, Zhongdu fell, and a large area of land north of the Yellow River was lost.
After moving south, in order to make up for his losses, he sent troops to attack the Song Dynasty in 1217 because the Southern Song stopped paying Sui coins. He also fought with the Western Xia for many years, which consumed his limited troops. Domestic banknotes depreciated sharply, local armed forces in Hebei went their own way, and Shandong red-coat troops emerged in droves. Xuanzong relied heavily on Shu Hugaoqi for a long time, and only executed him in 1219. He died of illness in Bianjing in December 1223 (it was already 1224 in the Gregorian calendar), and his third son Shouxu succeeded him.
PoliticsSupported by powerful ministers
In September, he ascended the throne in Zhongdu, changed the Yuan Dynasty to Zhenyou, and appointed Ge Shiliezhizhong as the Grand Master and Shangshu Ling. In October, General Shu Hugaoqi of Zhizhong was afraid of being executed because of his defeat, so he led his troops to kill Zhizhong. Xuanzong instead appointed Gaoqi.
MilitaryMongolian three-pronged attack
Cheng Jisihan divided his troops into three groups and went south, sweeping across Hebei, Hedong, and Shandong. According to the "Yuan History", he conquered more than ninety counties. Only a few large cities such as Zhongdu remained. The people of the Central Plains were brutally killed and plundered.
DiplomacySacrificing a daughter for peace
In March, the Princess of Qi, the daughter of the Prince of Weishao, as well as gold and silk, boys and girls, and horses were presented to Cheng Jisihan for peace, and the Mongolian army temporarily withdrew northward.
PoliticsZhenyou moved south
In May, despite the dissuasion of the ministers, he left the Crown Prince to guard the central capital and moved to Kaifeng, Nanjing, arriving in July. Cheng Jisihan regarded Jin's move of the capital as a breach of contract and sent troops southward again. Crown Prince was soon summoned to Nanjing.
SocietyRed Coat Army Uprising
Due to war and heavy taxes and servitude, farmers in Shandong and Hebei revolted one after another, wearing red coats as their banners, with Yang An'er, Li Quan and others as leaders. Yang An'er was defeated and died this year, and his sister Yang Miaozhen and Li Quan continued to fight against the Jin.
MilitaryThe fall of Zhongdu
In May, the Mongolian army captured Zhongdu, and Wanyan Chenghui, who stayed behind, committed suicide by taking poison. His palace was burned and his treasury was plundered. Jin Dynasty's rule north of the Yellow River collapsed.
Economybanknote law collapse
In order to cope with military expenses, Zhenyou Baoguan, Zhenyou Tongbao, Xingding Baoquan, etc. were issued successively. The new banknotes were often worth hundreds or even thousands of old banknotes, but they continued to depreciate, so people mostly switched to silver for transactions.
MilitarySouthern Expedition to the Song Dynasty
On the grounds that Southern Song had stopped accepting annual coins since 1214, it sent troops to attack Xiangyang, Zaoyang, Huainan and other places. The war lasted for several years, but the Jin army was unable to attack repeatedly and suffered heavy losses.
PoliticsZhu Shu Hugaoqi
Shu Hugaoqi, who had been in power for several years and ostracized dissidents, was found guilty of killing his wife and framing his slaves, and was ordered to be executed by Xuanzong.
PoliticsFeudal Nine Dukes
In order to stabilize the situation in Hebei and Shandong, nine local armed leaders, including Wang Fu and Wuxian, were made dukes, allowing them to appoint and remove officials and collect taxes on their own. This was known in history as "Nine-Gong Feudalism".
After killing Ge Shiliezhizhong in 1213, he took control of the military and became an official in Pingzhang government affairs. He advocated moving southward and attacking the Song Dynasty, rejecting dissidents, and was executed in 1219.
His real name is Fuxing, and he is known for his honesty and integrity. After Xuanzong moved south, he was ordered to stay in Zhongdu. He was left alone in the city without help. Before the city was destroyed, he wrote a suicide note and entrusted it to his subordinates. He drank poison and died for his country.
Yang An'er's sister is good at using the pear flower spear, and claims to be "the unrivaled pear blossom spear in the world after twenty years of experience." After his brother's death, he joined forces with Li Quan and got married. Later, he joined the Southern Song and then Mongolia.
Cheng Jisihan is one of the "Four Heroes". In 1217, he was granted the title of Taishi King. He led the Mongolian and Han armies to conquer North China, recruited and surrendered a large number of Han local armed forces, and encroached on Jin Dynasty's Hebei, Shanxi, and Shaanxi territories in successive years.